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🔥 内容介绍
This technical report documents the design, implementation, and comparative evaluation of two fundamental loadflow algorithms—Gauss–Seidel and Newton–Raphson—applied to a threebus powersystem model. The study was carried out using MATLAB® R2023b as part of my capstone project, with the objective of strengthening numericalanalysis skills and powersystem insight for coresector placement interviews. The project emphasizes practical implementation, result visualization, and theoretical comparison to support professional development.
Chapter1 | Introduction
Electrical energy demand is increasing worldwide, and reliable operation of power systems is paramount. Loadflow (powerflow) analysis provides steadystate operating conditions (bus voltages, power flows, losses) for planning, expansion, and realtime control. Two classical iterative techniques dominate academic curricula and industry software: Gauss–Seidel (GS)—simple but slower—and Newton–Raphson (NR)—faster owing to quadratic convergence.
1.1Scope of Work
1.Develop a 3bus YBus matrix from given line impedances.
2.Code GS and NR algorithms in MATLAB without external toolboxes.
3.Log and visualise convergence behaviour.
4.Compare accuracy, iteration count, and numerical stability.
5.Provide insights relevant to India’s core utilities (PGCIL, NTPC, BHEL, etc.).
Chapter2 | System Modelling
2.1Network Topology
The test network comprises three buses interconnected by transmission lines whose series admittances are converted to perunit values on a 100 MVA, 11 kV base. Bus3 is treated as theslack(reference) bus, while Bus1 and Bus2 arePQload buses.
2.2YBus Matrix Formation
Ybus = [ 20 - 50j -10 + 20j 20 + 10j ;
-10 + 20j 26 - 52j -16 + 32j ;
20 + 10j -16 + 32j 36 - 62j ];
This 3 × 3 admittance matrix encapsulates self and mutual admittances, essential for nodal analysis.
2.3PowerSpecification Vector
Bus | Type | P (pu) | Q (pu) | Initial | Remark |
1 | PQ | –0.5 | –0.2 | 1∠0° | Load |
2 | PQ | –0.3 | –0.1 | 1∠0° | Load |
3 | Slack | — | — | 1∠0° | Reference |
Chapter3 | Methodology
3.1Gauss–Seidel Algorithm (Sequential Update)
1.Initialise bus voltages to flat start.
2.Update each PQbus voltage using,Vi(k+1)=1Yii(Si\*Vi(k)\*−∑j≠iYijVj(k+1))V_i^{(k+1)}=\frac{1}{Y_{ii}}\Big(\frac{S_i^{\*}}{V_i^{(k)\*}}-\sum_{j\ne i}Y_{ij}V_j^{(k+1)}\Big)
3.Calculate maximum voltage change; if < tolerance, stop.
4.Complexity O(n² · iter); good learning tool but slow convergence.
5.Simpler implementation, suitable for small systems or educational tools.
3.2Newton–Raphson Algorithm (JacobianBased)
1.Express real and reactive power mismatches ΔP, ΔQ.
2.Construct Jacobian submatrices J1, J2, J3, J4J_1,\,J_2,\,J_3,\,J_4.
3.Solve [J] Δx=ΔP,Q[J]\,\Delta x=\Delta P,Q for voltage magnitude and angle corrections.
4.Quadratic convergence → typically 2–3 iterations.
5.Widely used in industry (PSS/E, ETAP) for largescale grids.
6.More complex, but efficient and robust for practical systems.
Chapter4 | MATLAB Implementation
·main.m orchestrates dataset, solver calls, plotting.
·gauss_seidel.m updates node voltages sequentially, logs error.
·newton_raphson.m builds Jacobian numerically, updates voltages, logs error.
·Convergence is measured as the maximum absolute powermismatch.
4.1Key Code Snippet (GS Error Log)
err = max(abs(V - V_prev));
error_log(iter) = err;
if err < tol, break; end
4.2Key Code Snippet (NR Jacobian Solve)
J = [J1 J2; J3 J4];
dx = J \ mismatch;
⛳️ 运行结果
🔗 参考文献
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